Ecosystem service assessments are a top priority at many reserves in the National Estuarine Research Reserve System.

Cultural ecosystem services (CES), one of four main categories of ecosystem services, are often described as the non-material benefits that humans receive from their interactions with the environment.

This factsheet, developed as part of a 2020 catalyst project, consolidates case studies of applied CES assessments.

This case study discusses an example of an Ecosystem Services Conceptual Model for cultural services at Heʻeia National Estuarine Research Reserve in Hawaii.