Cultural ecosystem services (CES), one of four main categories of ecosystem services, are often described as the non-material benefits that humans receive from their interactions with the environment.

The Habitat Heartbeats project was featured during the 2023 virtual symposium showcasing recent scientific studies related to the restoration and health of San Diego estuaries including the Tijuana River Estuary, San Diego Bay, and Los Peñasquitos Lagoon.

This factsheet, developed as part of a 2020 catalyst project, consolidates case studies of applied CES assessments.

This case study discusses an example of an Ecosystem Services Conceptual Model for cultural services at Heʻeia National Estuarine Research Reserve in Hawaii.